https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2022.2096
Lake-wide assessment of trace elements in surface sediments and water of Lake Sevan
Submitted: 4 October 2022
Accepted: 17 April 2023
Published: 10 May 2023
Accepted: 17 April 2023
Abstract Views: 786
PDF: 273
Supplementary: 44
HTML: 7
Supplementary: 44
HTML: 7
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Lake Sevan (Armenia) is one of the large freshwater high-mountain lakes of Eurasia. Detailed information about the extent and fate of trace elements on lake sediment and water quality has not been published yet. For this reason, surface sediment and water samples were collected from the southern and northern basins of Lake Sevan to determine trace element concentrations and assess the trace element behaviour. Geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, and hazard index were calculated to estimate the environmental risk potential. In comparison to reference values, the investigated sediment samples contained elevated concentrations frequently for V, Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Be, Ti, Rb, Sr, Se, Hf, and Th and occasionally for Cu, As, Li, B, Ag, Sb, Tl, Bi, U, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm. An overall potential ecological risk posed by all the investigated trace elements in the sediments was assessed to be moderate-considerable, however, Mo, Hg, and Cd were the elements with the highest ecological risk potential. The two basins of the lake showed significantly different behaviour according to the investigated trace element contents in the sediments to be higher in the bigger basin compared to the smaller basin. In comparison to reference concentrations in water samples according to the use of the adapted geo-accumulation index, elevated values for Ti, Cr, Cu, Cd, and Pb were observed. Elevated concentration was also observed in the case of B in nearly all water samples in comparison with literature values. Nevertheless, several water samples can be seen as not strongly anthropogenic influenced by Co, Ni, Sn, Sb, Ag, Hg, and Bi. The concentrations of trace elements in the lake water caused health risks to humans particularly children in the case of lake water used for drinking purposes, moreover, As was the main element posing health hazards. The results point out further attention to the sources of elevated trace elements in Lake Sevan, including anthropogenic influences and geological characteristics.
Aksu O, Adiguzel R, Demir V, Yildirim N, Danabas D, Seker S, Can SS, Ates M, 2014. Temporal changes in concentrations of some trace elements in muscle tissue of crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823), from Keban Dam Lake. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2014:120401.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/120401
Argust P, 1998. Distribution of boron in the environment. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 66:131-143.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02783133
Armenian Legal Information System (ARLIS), 2011. [RA Government Resolution n. 75-N dated 27.01.2011, Ecological norms recommended for the surface waters of the Republic of Armenia].[in Armenian]. Available from: https://www.arlis.am/documentview.aspx?docid=154714
Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ), 2000. Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. Vol. 2, Aquatic ecosystems – Rationale and background information. Available from: https://www.waterquality.gov.au/anz-guidelines/guideline-values/default/water-quality-toxicants/toxicants/boron-2000
Avagyan A, Sahakyan L, Meliksetian Kh, Karakhanyan A, Lavrushin V, Atalyan T, Hovakimyan H, Avagyan S, Tozalakyan P, Shalaeva E, Chatainger Ch, Sokolov S, Sahakov A, Alaverdyan G, 2020. New evidences of Holocene tectonic and volcanic activity of the western part of Lake Sevan (Armenia). Geol. Q. 64:43–58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1530
Avalyan RE, Aghajanyan EA, Khosrovyan A, Atoyants AL, Simonyan AE, Aroutiounian RM, 2017. Assessment of mutagenicity of water from Lake Sevan, Armenia with application of Tradescantia (clone 02). Mutat. Res. 800:8–13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.03.006
Babayan A, Hakobyan S, Jenderedjian K, Muradyan S, Voskanov M, 2006. Lake Sevan: experience and lessons learned brief (Lake basin management initiative). International Lake Environment Committee Foundation, Kusatsu. Available from: http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/sevan_01oct2004.pdf
Baran A, Tarnawski M, Koniarz T, Szara M, 2019. Content of nutrients, trace elements, and ecotoxicity of sediment cores from Roznow reservoir (Southern Poland). Environ. Geochem. Health 41:2929–2948.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00363-x
Barbieri M, 2016. The Importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to evaluate the soil contamination. J. Geol. Geophys. 5:237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000237
Book F, 2014. Risk assessment of mining effluents in surface water downstream the sulphide ore mine Aitik, northern Sweden. Master thesis, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg.
Bussan DD, Ochs CA, Jackson CR, Anumol T, Snyder SA, Cizdziel JV, 2017. Concentrations of select dissolved trace elements and anthropogenic organic compounds in the Mississippi River and major tributaries during the summer of 2012 and 2013. Environ. Monit. Assess. 189:73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5785-x
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), 2009. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Boron. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 2009. CCME, Winnipeg. Available from: http://ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/download/en/324/?redir=1574779613
Chojnacka K, Saeid A, 2018. Recent advances in trace elements. J. Wiley & Sons, New York: 572 pp.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119133780
Col M, Col C, 2003. Environmental boron contamination in waters of Hisarcik area in the Kutahya Province of Turkey. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41:1417–1420.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00160-1
Coughlin JR, 1998. Sources of human exposure – Overview of water supplies as sources of boron. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 66:87–100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02783129
Drever JI (ed.), 2005. Surface and ground water, weathering, and soils. Treatise on geochemistry, Vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 644 pp.
Dung TTT, Cappuyns V, Swennen R, Phung NK, 2013. From geochemical background determination to pollution assessment of heavy metals in sediments and soils. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 12:335–353.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-013-9315-1
EUWI+, 2020a. Draft river basin management plan for Sevan river basin district in Armenia. Available from: https://euwipluseast.eu/en/component/k2/item/1269-armenia-sevan-river-basin-management-plan-2020-arm?fromsearch=1
EUWI+, 2020b. Atlas of Sevan River basin district in Armenia. Available from: https://euwipluseast.eu/en/component/k2/item/1272-armenia-sevan-atlas-to-the-river-basin-management-plan-2020-arm?fromsearch=1
Förstner U, Müller G, 1981. Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments: geochemical background, man’s influence and environmental impact. GeoJournal 5:417–432.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02484715
Gabrielyan B, Khosrovyan A, Schultze M, 2022. A review of anthropogenic stressors on Lake Sevan, Armenia. J. Limnol. 81:2061.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2022.2061
Gaillardet J, Viers J, Dupre B, 2005. Trace elements in river waters, p. 225-272. In: J.I. Drever (ed.), Surface and ground water, weathering, and soils. Treatise on geochemistry, Vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/05165-3
Gevorgyan G, Karsten R, Schultze M, Mamyan A, Kuzmin A, Belykh O, Sorokovikova E, Hayrapetyan A, Hovsepyan A, Khachikyan T, Aghayan S, Fedorova G, Krasnopeev A, Potapov S, Tikhonova I, 2020. First report about toxic cyanobacterial bloom occurrence in Lake Sevan, Armenia. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 105:131-142.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.202002060
Gevorgyan GA, Mamyan AS, Hambaryan LR, Khudaverdyan SKh, Vaseashta A, 2016. Environmental risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in Armenian river ecosystems: Case study of Lake Sevan and Debed River catchment basins. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 25:2387-2399.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/63734
Gu S, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Leng P, Zhu N, Qiao Y, Li Zh, Li F, 2020. Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of dissolved trace elements in groundwater in southern China. Sci. Rep. 10:7886.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64267-y
Hakanson L, 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. a sedimentological approach. Water Res. 14:975–1001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Hem JD, 1985. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural waters. US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254, Alexandria, USA. Available from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254
Horowitz AJ, Elrick KA, Robbins JA, Cook RB, 1995. А summary of the effects of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA. J. Geochem. Explor. 52:135–144.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(94)00041-9
Hovhannissian RH, 1994. [Lake Sevan yesterday, today].[Book in Russian]. "Gitutyun" Publishing House of the NAS RA, Yerevan: 478 pp.
Hua Zh, Yinghui J, Tao Y, Min W, Guangxun Sh, Mingjun D, 2016. Heavy metal concentrations and risk assessment of sediments and surface water of the Gan River, China. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 25:1529–1540.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/62100
Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center of Ministry of Environment of Republic of Armenia (HMCMERA), 2022. [Annual water balance of Lake Sevan in 2022].[in Armenian]. Available from: http://www.armmonitoring.am/public/admin/ckfinder/userfiles/files/sevan/yearly-2022.pdf
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2004. Water quality – Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) – Part 2: Determination of 62 elements (EN ISO 17294-2:2004). Beuth Verlag, Berlin.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2016. Water quality – Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) – Part 2: Determination of selected elements including uranium isotopes (EN ISO 17294-2:2016). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
Jamgortzian V, Chitchian A, 1962. Some data on bottom deposits of submarine part of Lake Sevan, p. 60–78. In: ArmSSR Academy of Sciences (eds.), Results of complex studies on the Sevan problem, Vol 2. Yerevan.
Junge FW, Schultze M, 2016. Open cast mines as river sediment and pollutant sinks. The example Mulde Reservoir (East Germany), p. 159-166. In: C. Drebenstedt, M. Paul (eds.), Proc. IMWA Symp. 2016. Mining Meets Water - Conflicts and Solutions. Curran Associates, Red Hook.
Kaplanyan PM, Galstyan HR, Grigoryan LA, Karapetyan AI, Shahinyan, Eksouzyan TH, 1997. [Geochemistry of natural water of Lake Sevan basin].[Book in Russian]. "Gitutyun" Publishing House of the NAS RA, Yerevan: 288 pp.
Karakhanian A, Tozalakyan P, Grillot JC, Philip H, Melkonyan D, Paronyan P, Arakelyan S, 2001. Tectonic impact on the Lake Sevan environment (Armenia). Environ. Geol. 40:279–288.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540000216
Klein O, Zimmermann T, Hildebrandt L, Pröfrock D, 2023. Technology-critical elements in Rhine sediments - A case study on occurrence and spatial distribution. Sci. Total Environ. 852:158464.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464
Kolarova N, Napiorkowski P, 2021. Trace elements in aquatic environment. Origin, distribution, assessment and toxicity effect for the aquatic biota. Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol. 21:655–668.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2021.02.002
Konieczka P, Cieślik B, Namieśnik J, 2018. Trace elements in aquatic environments, p. 143–160. In: K. Chojnacka and A. Saeid (eds.), Recent advances in trace elements. J. Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119133780.ch7
Konstantinov MM, Kryazhev SG, Ustinov VI, 2010. Characteristics of the ore forming system of the Zod gold–tellurium deposit (Armenia) according to isotopic data. Geochem. Int. 48:946-949.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702910090089
Kumara B, Kumarb KS, Priyac M, Mukhopadhyayd D, Shahd R, 2010. Distribution, partitioning, bioaccumulation of trace elements in water, sediment and fish from sewage fed fish ponds in eastern Kolkata, India. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 92:243-260.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240902942394
Liang Y, Yi X, Dang Zh, Wang Q, Luo H, Tang J, 2017. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of a tailing pond in Guangdong, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14:1557.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121557
Li H, Yang J, Ye B, Jiang D, 2019. Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of 11 unheeded metals in sediments of the Chinese Xiangjiang River. Environ. Geochem. Health 41:1459–1472.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0230-9
Moiseenko TI, Dinu MI, Gashkina NA, Kremleva TA, 2019. Aquatic environment and anthropogenic factor effects on distribution of trace elements in surface waters of European Russia and Western Siberia. Environ. Res. Lett. 14:065010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab17ea
Mondal P, Mendes RA, Jonathan MP, Biswas JK, Murugan K, Sarkar SK, 2018. Seasonal assessment of trace element contamination in intertidal sediments of the meso-macrotidal Hooghly (Ganges) River Estuary with a note on mercury speciation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127:117–130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.041
Moreno-Brush M, McLagan DS, Biester H, 2020. Fate of mercury from artisanal and small-scale gold mining in tropical rivers: Hydrological and biogeochemical controls. A critical review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50:437–475.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1629793
Müezzinoglu A, 2003. A review of environmental considerations on gold mining and production. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:45–71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380390814451
Müller G, 1979. [Heavy metals in the sediments of the Rhine – changes since 1971].[Article in German]. Umschau 79:778–783.
Nalbandyan A, Ananyan V, Burnett W, Cable J, 2004. On radioactivity of Lake Sevan bottom sediments, p. 303-304. In: International Atomic Energy Agency (ed.), Book of Extended Synopses Int. Conf. Isotopes in Environmental Studies - Aquatic Forum 2004. IAEA, Vienna.
Nalbandyan AG, Ananyan VL, Burnett WC, Cable JC, 2006. Radioactivity of Lake Sevan (Armenia) bottom sediments, p. 401–404. In: Proc Int Conf Isotopes in Environmental Studies – Aquatic Forum 2004, Unedited papers. IAEA, Vienna.
Neal C, Fox KK, Harrow M, Neal M, 1998. Boron in the major UK rivers entering the North Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 210/211:41–51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00043-6
Nordstrom DK, 2011. Mine waters: Acidic to circumneutral. Elements 7:393–398.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.6.393
Ouyang TP, Zhu ZY, Kuang YQ, Huang N, Tan J, Guo G, Gu L, Sun B., 2006. Dissolved trace elements in river water: spatial distribution and the influencing factor, a study for the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China. Environ. Geol. 49:733–742.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-0118-8
Pais I, Jones Jr JB, 1997. The handbook of trace elements. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton: 240 pp.
Parks JL, Edwards M, 2005. Boron in the environment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:81–114.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380590900200
Paukstys B, 2016. Report on groundwater field surveys in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova April-June 2016. EU contract No. 2011/279-666.
Pavlović P, Mitrović M, Đorđević D, Sakan S, Slobodnik J, Liška I, Csanyi B, Jarić S, Kostić O, Pavlović D, Marinković N, Tubić B, Paunović M, 2016. Assessment of the contamination of riparian soil and vegetation by trace metals - A Danube River case study. Sci. Total Environ. 540:396–409.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.125
Reimann M, Birke M (eds), 2010. Geochemistry of European Bottled Water. Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
Ribbe N, Arinaitwe K, Dadi T, Friese K, Von Tümpling W, 2021. Trace-element behaviour in sediments of Ugandan part of Lake Victoria: results from sequential extraction and chemometrical evaluation. Environ. Earth Sci. 80:323.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09554-1
Salmien R, Batista MJ, Bidovec M, Demetriades A, De Vivo B, De Vos W, et al., 2005. Geochemical atlas of Europe. Part 1: Background information, methodology and maps. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo. Available from: http://weppi.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas
Salomons W, Förstner U, 1984. Metals in the hydrocycle. Springer, Heidelberg: 352 pp.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69325-0
Santschi PH, Presley BJ, Wade TL, Garcia-Romero B, Baskaran M, 2002. Historical contamination of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, and heavy metals in Mississippi River Delta, Galveston Bay and Tampa Bay sediment cores. Mar. Environ. Res. 52:51–79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00260-9
Shikhani M, Mi C, Gevorgyan A, Gevorgyan G, Misakyan A, Azizyan L, Barfus K, Schulze M, Shatwell T, Rinke K, 2022. Simulating thermal dynamics of the largest lake in the Caucasus region: The mountain Lake Sevan. J. Limnol. 81:2024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2021.2024
Sigg L, 1992. Regulation of trace elements by the solid-water interface in surface waters, p. 369–396. In: W. Stumm (ed.), Chemistry of the solid-water interface. J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
Tapia J, Davenport J, Townley B, Dorador C, Schneider B, Tolorza V, von Tümpling W, 2018. Sources, enrichment, and redistribution of As, Cd, Cu, Li, Mo, and Sb in the Northern Atacama Region, Chile: Implications for arid watersheds affected by mining. J. Geochem. Explor. 185:33–51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.10.021
Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH, 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth's crust. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 72:175–192.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2
U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), 2011. The risk assessment information system (RAIS). USDOE Oak Ridge Operations Office, Oak Ridge, TN.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2003. Human health toxicity values in superfund risk assessments. OSWER directive 9285.7-53. USEPA, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2011. Regional screening level (RSL) table for chemical contaminants at superfund sites. USEPA, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2004. Risk Assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part E, Supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment), Final. OSWER directive 9285.7-02EP. USEPA, Washington, DC.
Vardanyan LG, Ingole BS, 2006. Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake systems. Environ. Int. 32:208-218.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.013
Vardanyan L, Schmieder K, Sayadyan H, Heege T, Heblinski J, Agyemang T, De J, Breuer J, 2008. Heavy metal accumulation by certain aquatic macrophytes from Lake Sevan (Armenia), p. 1028-1038. In: M. Gupta and R. Dalian (eds.), Proc. Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conf. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Jaipur.
Vengosh A, Helvaci C, Karamanderesi IH, 2002. Geochemical constraints for the origin of thermal waters from western Turkey. Appl. Geochem. 17:163–183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00062-2
Vignati DAL, Secrieru D, Bogatova YI, Dominik J, Céréghino R, Berlinsky NA, Oaie G, Szobotka S, Stanica A, 2013. Trace element contamination in the arms of the Danube Delta (Romania/Ukraine): Current state of knowledge and future needs. J. Environ. Manage. 125:169-178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.007
Voigt P, Walker D, Kloiber-Deane O, Tsvetkov A, 2018. Ramp-up and long-term performance of the Albion Process™ plant at GeoProMining Gold Armenia, p. 339-349. In: Proc. 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conf. 2018. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne.
von Tümpling Jr W, Wilken R-D, Einax J, 1995. Mercury contamination in the northern Pantanal region Mato Grosso, Brazil. J. Geochem. Explor. 52:127-134.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(94)00040-I
Weissmannová HD, Mihočová S, Chovanec P, Pavlovský J, 2019. Potential ecological risk and human health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in industrial affected soils by coal mining and metallurgy in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16:4495.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224495
Wenzel A, Schlich K, Shemotyuk L, Nendza M, 2015. [Revision of the environmental quality standards of the Federal Surface Areas Ordinance after the end of the transitional period for Directive 2006/11/EC and updating the European environmental quality objectives for priority substances. UBA texts 47/2015. Dessau-Rosslau, Germany].[in German]. Available from: https://www.ime.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ime/de/documents/AE/Wenzel_Schlich%20et%20al_UBA-Texte_47_2015_Revision_der_Umweltqualitaetsnormen.pdf
Wilkinson IP, 2020. Lake Sevan: evolution, biotic variability, p. 35-63. In: S. Mischke (ed.), Large Asian lakes in a changing world – natural state and human impact. Springer, Cham.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42254-7_2
World Health Organization, 1998. Environmental health criteria document No. 204: Boron. WHO, Geneva. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42046/9241572043_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Supporting Agencies
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Science Committee of MESCS RA, German Federal Ministry of Education and ResearchHow to Cite
Gevorgyan, Gor, Wolf von Tuempling, Gayane Shahnazaryan, Kurt Friese, and Martin Schultze. 2023. “Lake-Wide Assessment of Trace Elements in Surface Sediments and Water of Lake Sevan”. Journal of Limnology 81 (s1). https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2022.2096.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Similar Articles
- Luca BRACCHINI, Arduino M. DATTILO, Vincent HULL, Steven Arthur LOISELLE, Antonio TOGNAZZI, Claudio ROSSI, Modelling Upwelling Irradiance using Secchi disk depth in lake ecosystems , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 68 No. 1 (2009)
- Irina CHUBARENKO, Kolumban HUTTER, Thermally driven interaction of the littoral and limnetic zones by autumnal cooling processes , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 64 No. 1 (2005)
- Michel LAFONT, A conceptual approach to the biomonitoring of freshwater: the Ecological Ambience System , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 60 No. s1 (2001): Scientific and legal aspects of biological monitoring in freshwater
- Tanner Liang, Julian Aherne, Physical and chemical characteristics of 1300 lakes and ponds across the Canadian Arctic , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 79 No. 3 (2020)
- Pedro M. SÁNCHEZ-CASTILLO, Eduardo J. LINARES-CUESTA, D. FERNÁNDEZ-MORENO, Changes in epilithic diatom assemblages in a Mediterranean high mountain lake (Laguna de La Caldera, Sierra Nevada, Spain) after a period of drought , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 67 No. 1 (2008)
- Giuseppe Morabito, Nico Salmaso, Delio Ruggiu, Phytoplankton association patterns in the deep southern subalpine lakes (Part 1) , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 61 No. 1 (2002)
- Yoshimasa YAMAMOTO, Environmental factors that determine the occurrence and seasonal dynamics of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 68 No. 1 (2009)
- Eliana A. Panarelli, Helen A. O. Kawamura, Lourdes M. A. Elmoor-Loureiro, Francisco D. R. Sousa, Paulo H. C. Corgosinho, Daniel Previattelli, Carlos E. F. Rocha, Life history of Karualona muelleri (Richard, 1897) (Chydoridae, Aloninae) , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 78 No. 3 (2019)
- Andrea BUFFAGNI, David G. ARMANINI, Stefania ERBA, Does the lentic-lotic character of rivers affect invertebrate metrics used in the assessment of ecological quality? , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 68 No. 1 (2009)
- Paweł KOPERSKI, Diversity of macrobenthos in lowland streams: ecological determinants and taxonomic specificity , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 69 No. 1 (2010)
<< < 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
List of Cited By :
