https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2021.2011
Automated high frequency monitoring of Lake Maggiore through in situ sensors: system design, field test and data quality control
Submitted: 3 March 2021
Accepted: 19 April 2021
Published: 21 June 2021
Accepted: 19 April 2021
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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A high frequency monitoring (HFM) system for the deep subalpine lakes Maggiore, Lugano and Como is under development within the EU INTERREG project SIMILE. The HFM system is designed to i) describe often neglected but potentially relevant processes occurring on short time scale; ii) become a cost-effective source of environmental data; and iii) strengthen the coordinated management of water resources in the subalpine lake district. In this project framework, a first HFM station (LM1) consisting of a monitoring buoy was placed in Lake Maggiore. LM1 represents a pilot experience within the project, aimed at providing the practical know-how needed for the development of the whole HFM system. To increase replicability and transferability, LM1 was developed in-house, and conceived as a low-cost modular system. LM1 is presently equipped with solar panels, a weather station, and sensors for water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and chlorophyll-a. In this study, we describe the main features of LM1 (hardware and software) and the adopted Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures. To this end, we provide examples from a test period, i.e., the first 9-months of functioning of LM1. A description of the software selected as data management software for the HFM system (IstSOS) is also provided. Data gathered during the study period provided clear evidence that coupling HFM and discrete sampling for QA/QC controls is necessary to produce accurate data and to detect and correct errors, mainly because of sensor fouling and calibration drift. These results also provide essential information to develop further the HFM system and shared protocols adapted to the local environmental (i.e., large subalpine lakes) and technical (expertise availability) context. Next challenge is making HFM not only a source of previously unaffordable information, but also a cost-effective tool for environmental monitoring.
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Edited by
Diego Fontaneto, CNR-IRSA Water Research Institute, Verbania, ItalyHow to Cite
Tiberti, Rocco, Rossana Caroni, Massimiliano Cannata, Andrea Lami, Dario Manca, Daniele Strigaro, and Michela Rogora. 2021. “Automated High Frequency Monitoring of Lake Maggiore through <em>in situ< em> Sensors: System Design, Field Test and Data Quality Control”. Journal of Limnology 80 (2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2021.2011.
Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s)
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