https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2022.2048
Effects of natural surfactants on the spatial variability of surface water temperature under intermittent light winds on Lake Geneva
Submitted: 12 July 2021
Accepted: 31 May 2022
Published: 18 July 2022
Accepted: 31 May 2022
Abstract Views: 2748
PDF: 527
HTML: 125
HTML: 125
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
The spatial variability of lake surface water temperature (LSWT) between smooth and rough surface areas and its potential association with the natural surfactant distribution in the surface microlayer were investigated for the first time in a lake. In spring 2019, two different field campaigns were carried out in Lake Geneva to measure: i) the enrichment factor of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) as a proxy for biogenic surfactants, and ii) LSWT and near-surface water temperature profiles while simultaneously monitoring water surface roughness in both cases. Results indicate that, under intense incoming short-wave radiation and intermittent light wind conditions, the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was stable and the accumulation of heat due to short-wave radiation in near-surface waters was greater than heat losses by surface cooling, thus creating a diurnal warm layer with strong thermal stratification in the water near-surface layer. A threshold wind speed of 1.5 m s-1 was determined as a transition between different dynamic regimes. For winds just above 1.5 m s-1, the lake surface became patchy, and smooth surface areas (slicks) were more enriched with FDOM than rough areas (non-slick) covered with gravity-capillary waves (GCW). Sharp thermal boundaries appeared between smooth and rough areas. LSWT in smooth slicks was found to be more than 1.5°C warmer than in rough non-slick areas, which differs from previous observations in oceans that reported a slight temperature reduction inside slicks. Upon the formation of GCW in non-slick areas, the near-surface stratification was destroyed and the surface temperature was reduced. Furthermore, winds above 1.5 m s-1 continuously fragmented slicks causing a rapid spatial redistribution of LSWT patterns mainly aligned with the wind. For wind speeds below 1.5 m s‑1 the surface was smooth, no well-developed GCW were observed, LSWT differences were small, and strong near-surface stratification was established. These results contribute to the understanding and the quantification of air-water exchange processes, which are presently lacking for stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer conditions in lakes.
Alpers W, 1985. Theory of radar imaging of internal waves. Nature 314:245–247.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/314245a0
Alpers W, Hühnerfuss H, 1989. The damping of ocean waves by surface films: A new look at an old problem. J. Geophys. Res. 94:6251–6265.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC05p06251
Augusto-Silva PB, MacIntyre S, Moraes Rudorff C de, Cortés A, Melack JM, 2019. Stratification and mixing in large floodplain lakes along the lower Amazon River. J. Great Lakes Res. 45:61–72.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.11.001
Babanin AV, Haus BK, 2009. On the existence of water turbulence induced by nonbreaking surface waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 39:2675–2679.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4202.1
Banner ML, Peirson WL, 1998. Tangential stress beneath wind-driven air-water interfaces. J. Fluid Mech. 364:115–145.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112098001128
Barry DA, Liardon J-L, Paccaud P, Klaus P, Shaik N, Rahaghi AI, Zulliger L, Béguin J, Geissmann B, Tulyakov S, Ivanov A, Wynn H, et al., 2019. A low-cost, autonomous mobile platform for limnological investigations, supported by high-resolution mesoscale airborne imagery. PloS One 14:e0210562.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210562
Bartosiewicz M, Przytulska A, Deshpande BN, Antoniades D, Cortes A, MacIntyre S, Lehmann MF, Laurion I, 2019. Effects of climate change and episodic heat events on cyanobacteria in a eutrophic polymictic lake. Sci. Total Environ. 693:133414.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.220
Benetazzo A, Cavaleri L, Ma H, Jiang S, Bergamasco F, Jiang W, Chen S, Qiao F, 2019. Analysis of the effect of fish oil on wind waves and implications for air-water interaction studies. Ocean Sci. 15:725–743.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-725-2019
Bower SM, Saylor JR, 2011. The effects of surfactant monolayers on free surface natural convection. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 54:5348–5358.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.08.008
Brutsaert W, 1975. On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies. Water Resour. Res. 11:742–744.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/WR011i005p00742
Calamita E, Piccolroaz S, Majone B, Toffolon M, 2021. On the role of local depth and latitude on surface warming heterogeneity in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Inland Waters 11:208–222.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2021.1873698
Cheng J, Cheng X, Meng X, Zhou G, 2019. A monte carlo emissivity model for wind-roughened sea surface. Sensors 19:2166.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092166
CIPEL, 2019. Rapports Sur Les Études et Recherches Entreprises Dans Le Bassin Lémanique, Campagne 2018. Commission internationale pour la protection des eaux du Léman (CIPEL), Nyon, Switzerland: 303 pp.
Coble PG, 1996. Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy. Mar. Chem. 51:325–346.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(95)00062-3
Cogley JG, 1979. The albedo of water as a function of latitude. Mon. Weather Rev. 107:775–781.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0775:TAOWAA>2.0.CO;2
Crawford TM, Duchon CE, 1999. An improved parameterization for estimating effective atmospheric emissivity for use in calculating daytime downwelling longwave radiation. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 38:474–480.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0474:AIPFEE>2.0.CO;2
Cunliffe M, Engel A, Frka S, Gašparović BŽ, Guitart C, Murrell JC, Salter M, Stolle C, Upstill-Goddard R, Wurl O, 2013. Sea surface microlayers: A unified physicochemical and biological perspective of the air-ocean interface. Prog. Oceanogr. 109:104–116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.08.004
Cunliffe M, Wurl O, 2014. Guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom for SCOR, Plymouth: 118 pp.
Dabuleviciene T, Kozlov IE, Vaiciute D, Dailidiene I, 2018. Remote sensing of coastal upwelling in the south-eastern Baltic Sea: Statistical properties and implications for the coastal environment. Remote Sens. 10:1752.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111752
Dai D, Qiao F, Sulisz W, Han L, Babanin A, 2010. An experiment on the nonbreaking surface-wave-induced vertical mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40:2180–2188.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4378.1
De Santi F, Luciani G, Bresciani M, Giardino C, Lovergine FP, Pasquariello G, Vaiciute D, De Carolis G, 2019. Synergistic use of synthetic aperture radar and optical imagery to monitor surface accumulation of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 7:461.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120461
Donelan MA, Plant WJ, 2009. A threshold for wind-wave growth. J. Geophys. Res. 114:C07012.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005238
Engel A, Bange HW, Cunliffe M, Burrows SM, Friedrichs G, Galgani L, Herrmann H, Hertkorn N, Johnson M, Liss PS, Quinn PK, Schartau M, et al., 2017. The ocean’s vital skin: Toward an integrated understanding of the sea surface microlayer. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:165.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00165
Ermakov S, Lavrova O, Kapustin I, Ermoshkin A, Molkov A, Danilicheva O, 2018. On the “comb” structure of the edges of slicks on the sea surface. Sovrem. Probl. Distantsionnogo Zondirovaniya Zemli Iz Kosmosa 15:208–217.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2018-15-7-208-217
Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Godfrey JS, Wick GA, Edson JB, Young GS, 1996. Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 101:1295–1308.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03190
Farrar JT, Zappa CJ, Weller RA, Jessup AT, 2007. Sea surface temperature signatures of oceanic internal waves in low winds. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 112:C06014.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003947
Fink G, Schmid M, Wahl B, Wolf T, Wüest A, 2014. Heat flux modifications related to climate-induced warming of large European lakes. Water Resour. Res. 50:2072–2085.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014448
Frew NM, 1997. The role of organic films in air-sea gas exchange, p. 121–172 In: Liss PS and RA Duce (eds.), The Sea Surface and Global Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525025.006
Frew NM, Bock EJ, Schimpf U, Hara T, Haußecker H, Edson JB, McGillis WR, Nelson RK, McKenna SP, Uz BM, Jähne B, 2004. Air-sea gas transfer: Its dependence on wind stress, small-scale roughness, and surface films. J. Geophys. Res. 109:C08S17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002131
Frew NM, Nelson RK, Johnson CG, 2006. Sea slicks: variability in chemical composition and surface elasticity, p. 45–56 In: Gade M, H Hühnerfuss, and GM Korenowski (eds.), Marine Surface Films: Chemical Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions and Remote Sensing, Berlin: Springer.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33271-5_6
Frew NM, Nelson RK, McGillis WR, Edson JB, Bock EJ, Hara T, 2002. Spatial variations in surface microlayer surfactants and their role in modulating air-sea exchange, p. 153–159. In: Donelan MA, WM Drennan, ES Saltzman, and R Wanninkhof (eds.), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union (AGU).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/GM127p0153
Gade M, Hühnerfuss H, Korenowski G, editors, 2006. Marine Surface Films: Chemical Characteristics, Influence on Air-Sea Interactions and Remote Sensing. Springer, Berlin: 341 pp.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33271-5
Garabetian F, Romano J-C, Paul R, Sigoillot J-C, 1993. Organic matter composition and pollutant enrichment of sea surface microlayer inside and outside slicks. Mar. Environ. Res. 35:323–339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(93)90100-E
Garbe CS, Schimpf U, Jähne B, 2004. A surface renewal model to analyze infrared image sequences of the ocean surface for the study of air-sea heat and gas exchange. J. Geophys. Res. 109:C08S15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001802
Gentemann CL, Minnett PJ, 2008. Radiometric measurements of ocean surface thermal variability. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 113:C08017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004540
Gentemann CL, Minnett PJ, Ward B, 2009. Profiles of ocean surface heating (POSH): A new model of upper ocean diurnal warming. J. Geophys. Res. 114:C07017.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004825
Gerum RC, Richter S, Winterl A, Mark C, Fabry B, Le Bohec C, Zitterbart DP, 2019. CameraTransform: A Python package for perspective corrections and image mapping. SoftwareX 10:100333.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2019.100333
Gove JM, Whitney JL, McManus MA, Lecky J, Carvalho FC, Lynch JM, Li J, Neubauer P, Smith KA, Phipps JE, Kobayashi DR, Balagso KB, et al., 2019. Prey-size plastics are invading larval fish nurseries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 116:24143–24149.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907496116
Gueymard CA, Myers D, Emery K, 2002. Proposed reference irradiance spectra for solar energy systems testing. Sol. Energy 73:443–467.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00005-7
Hamze-Ziabari SM, Razmi AM, Lemmin U, Barry DA, 2022. Detecting submesoscale cold filaments in a basin-scale gyre in large, deep Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France). Geophys. Res. Lett. 49:e2021GL096185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096185
Hughes PJ, Bourassa MA, Rolph JJ, Smith SR, 2012. Averaging-related biases in monthly latent heat fluxes. J. Atmospheric Ocean. Technol. 29:974–986.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00184.1
Hunter KA, Liss PS, 1981. Organic sea surface films, p. 259–298. In: Duursma EK and R Dawson (eds.), Marine Organic Chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(08)70331-3
Imberger J, 1985. The diurnal mixed layer. Limnol. Oceanogr. 30:737–770.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1985.30.4.0737
Jarvis NL, 1962. The effect of monomolecular films on surface temperature and convective motion at the water/air interface. J. Colloid Sci. 17:512–522.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-8522(62)90019-3
Jellison R, Melack JM, 1993. Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 1. Stratification and vertical mixing during the onset, persistence, and breakdown of meromixis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38:1008–1019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.1008
Kara AB, Hurlburt HE, Wallcraft AJ, 2005. Stability-dependent exchange coefficients for air–sea fluxes. J. Atmospheric Ocean. Technol. 22:1080–1094.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1747.1
Karimova S, 2012. Spiral eddies in the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas as seen by satellite radar data. Adv. Space Res. 50:1107–1124.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.10.027
Kawai Y, Wada A, 2007. Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the atmosphere and ocean: A review. J. Oceanogr. 63:721–744.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0063-0
Kujawinski EB, Farrington JW, Moffett JW, 2002. Evidence for grazing-mediated production of dissolved surface-active material by marine protists. Mar. Chem. 77:133–142.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00082-2
Kurata N, Vella K, Hamilton B, Shivji M, Soloviev A, Matt S, Tartar A, Perrie W, 2016. Surfactant-associated bacteria in the near-surface layer of the ocean. Sci. Rep. 6:19123.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19123
Leibovich S, 1977. On the evolution of the system of wind drift currents and Langmuir circulation in the ocean. Part 1. Theory and averaged current. J. Fluid Mech. 79:715–743.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211207700041X
Lemmin U, 2020. Insights into the dynamics of the deep hypolimnion of Lake Geneva as revealed by long-term temperature, oxygen, and current measurements. Limnol. Oceanogr. 65:2092–2107.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11441
Lemmin U, D’Adamo N, 1996. Summertime winds and direct cyclonic circulation: Observations from Lake Geneva. Ann. Geophys. 14:1207–1220.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1207-z
Liardon J-L, Barry DA, 2017. Adaptable imaging package for remote vehicles. HardwareX 2:1–12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2017.04.001
Liss PS, 1983. Gas Transfer: Experiments and Geochemical Implications, p. 241–298. In: Liss PS and WGN Slinn (eds.), Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7169-1_5
Liss PS, Duce RA, 1997. The Sea Surface and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 535 pp.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525025
MacIntyre S, Amaral JHF, Melack JM, 2021a. Enhanced turbulence in the upper mixed layer under light winds and heating: implications for gas fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 126:e2020JC017026.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017026
MacIntyre S, Bastviken D, Arneborg L, Crowe AT, Karlsson J, Andersson A, Gålfalk M, Rutgersson A, Podgrajsek E, Melack JM, 2021b. Turbulence in a small boreal lake: Consequences for air–water gas exchange. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66:827–854.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11645
Mahrt L, Hristov T, 2017. Is the influence of stability on the sea surface heat flux important? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 47:689–699.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0228.1
Marmorino GO, Smith GB, 2006. Reduction of surface temperature in ocean slicks. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33:L14603.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026502
Marmorino GO, Smith GB, Toporkov J V, Sletten MA, Perkovic D, Frasier SJ, 2008. Evolution of ocean slicks under a rising wind. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 113:C04030.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004538
Marmorino GO, Toporkov JV, Smith GB, Sletten MA, Perkovic D, Frasier S, Judd KP, 2007. Ocean mixed-layer depth and current variation estimated from imagery of surfactant streaks. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 4:364–367.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2007.895702
Masse AK, Murthy CR, 1990. Observations of the Niagara River thermal plume (Lake Ontario, North America). J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 95:16097–16109.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC09p16097
McKinney P, Holt B, Matsumoto K, 2012. Small eddies observed in Lake Superior using SAR and sea surface temperature imagery. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 38:786–797.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.09.023
Meyers TP, Dale RF, 1983. Predicting daily insolation with hourly cloud height and coverage. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 22:537–545.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<0537:PDIWHC>2.0.CO;2
Minaudo C, Odermatt D, Bouffard D, Rahaghi AI, Lavanchy S, Wüest A, 2021. The imprint of primary production on high-frequency profiles of lake optical properties. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55:14234–14244.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02585
Monin AS, Obukhov AM, 1954. Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Tr Akad Nauk SSSR Geophiz Inst. 24:163-187. Adapted by Keith McNaughton (2008) from a translation by John Miller (1959).
Murphy KR, Stedmon CA, Waite TD, Ruiz GM, 2008. Distinguishing between terrestrial and autochthonous organic matter sources in marine environments using fluorescence spectroscopy. Mar. Chem. 108:40–58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.10.003
Olesen B, Maberly S, 2001. The effect of high levels of visible and ultra-violet radiation on the photosynthesis of phytoplankton from a freshwater lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. 151:301–315.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/151/2001/301
Pereira R, Ashton I, Sabbaghzadeh B, Shutler JD, Upstill-Goddard RC, 2018. Reduced air–sea CO2 exchange in the Atlantic Ocean due to biological surfactants. Nat. Geosci. 11:492–496.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0136-2
Price JF, Weller RA, Pinkel R, 1986. Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 91(C7):8411–8427.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC091iC07p08411
Qiao F, Yuan Y, Deng J, Dai D, Song Z, 2016. Wave–turbulence interaction-induced vertical mixing and its effects in ocean and climate models. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 374:20150201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0201
Rahaghi AI, Lemmin U, Barry DA, 2019a. Surface water temperature heterogeneity at subpixel satellite scales and its effect on the surface cooling estimates of a large lake: Airborne remote sensing results from Lake Geneva. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124:635–651.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014451
Rahaghi AI, Lemmin U, Cimatoribus AA, Barry DA, 2019b. The importance of systematic spatial variability in the surface heat flux of a large lake: A multiannual analysis for Lake Geneva. Water Resour. Res. 55:10248–10267.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024954
Rahaghi AI, Lemmin U, Cimatoribus AA, Bouffard D, Riffler M, Wunderle S, Barry DA, 2018. Improving surface heat flux estimation for a large lake through model optimization and two-point calibration: The case of Lake Geneva. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 16:576–593.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10267
Rahaghi AI, Lemmin U, Sage D, Barry DA, 2019c. Achieving high-resolution thermal imagery in low-contrast lake surface waters by aerial remote sensing and image registration. Remote Sens. Environ. 221:773–783.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.12.018
Razmi AM, Barry DA, Bouffard D, Vennemann T, Barry CE, Lemmin U, 2017. Currents of Lake Geneva, p. 312 In: Micropollutants in Large Lakes, Boca Raton: EPFL Press.
Romano JC, 1996. Sea-surface slick occurrence in the open sea (Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean) in relation to wind speed. Deep Sea Res. Part Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 43:411–423.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(96)00024-6
Salter ME, 2010. A role for natural surfactants in air-sea gas exchange? (Doctoral dissertation). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Savelyev IB, Buckley MP, Haus BK, 2020. The impact of nonbreaking waves on wind-driven ocean surface turbulence. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 125:e2019JC015573.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015573
Schuler DL, Lee JS, 2006. Mapping ocean surface features using biogenic slick-fields and SAR polarimetric decomposition techniques. IEEE Proc. - Radar Sonar Navig. 153:260–270.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-rsn:20045118
Shen H, Perrie W, Wu Y, 2019. Wind drag in oil spilled ocean surface and its impact on wind-driven circulation. Anthr. Coasts 2:244–260.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0019
Smith SD, 1988. Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 93:15467–15472.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC12p15467
Soulignac F, Lemmin U, Ziabari SMH, Wynn HK, Graf B, Barry DA, 2021. Rapid changes in river plume dynamics caused by advected wind-driven coastal upwelling as observed in Lake Geneva. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66:3116–3133.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11864
Stedmon CA, Bro R, 2008. Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: A tutorial. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 6:572–579.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2008.6.572b
Taylor PK, Yelland MJ, 2001. The dependence of sea surface roughness on the height and steepness of the waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31:572–590.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0572:TDOSSR>2.0.CO;2
Tejada-Martínez AE, Hafsi A, Akan C, Juha M, Veron F, 2020. Large-eddy simulation of small-scale Langmuir circulation and scalar transport. J. Fluid Mech. 885:A5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.802
Thompson EJ, Moum JN, Fairall CW, Rutledge SA, 2019. Wind limits on rain layers and diurnal warm layers. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124:897–924.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014130
Tsai W, Liu K-K, 2003. An assessment of the effect of sea surface surfactant on global atmosphere-ocean CO2 flux. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 108(C4):3127.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000740
Tsai WT, 1996. Impact of a surfactant on a turbulent shear layer under the air-sea interface. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 101:28557–28568.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02802
Vanderplow B, Soloviev AV, Dean CW, Haus BK, Lukas R, Sami M, Ginis I, 2020. Potential effect of bio-surfactants on sea spray generation in tropical cyclone conditions. Sci. Rep. 10:19057.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76226-8
Veron F, Melville WK, 2001. Experiments on the stability and transition of wind-driven water surfaces. J. Fluid Mech. 446:25–65.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112001005638
Wang C, Fei J, Ding J, Hu R, Huang X, Cheng X, 2017. Development of a new significant wave height and dominant wave period parameterization scheme. Ocean Eng. 135:170–182.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.02.017
Ward B, 2006. Near-surface ocean temperature. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 111:C02004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002689
Watson AJ, Bock EJ, Jähne B, Asher WE, Frew NM, Hasse L, Korenowski GM, Merlivat L, Phillips LF, Schluessel P, Woolf DK, Liss PS, 1997. Report Group 1 – Physical processes in the microlayer and the air-sea exchange of trace gases, p. 1–34. In: Liss PS and RA Duce (eds.), The Sea Surface and Global Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525025.002
Whitney JL, Gove JM, McManus MA, Smith KA, Lecky J, Neubauer P, Phipps JE, Contreras EA, Kobayashi DR, Asner GP, 2021. Surface slicks are pelagic nurseries for diverse ocean fauna. Sci. Rep. 11:3197.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81407-0
Wolfbeis OS, 1985. The fluorescence of organic natural products, p. 167–370 In: Schulman SG (ed.), Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy. Part I: Methods and Applications, New York, NY: Wiley.
Woolway RI, Jones D, Feuchtmayr H, Maberly SC, 2015. A comparison of the diel variability in epilimnetic temperature for five lakes in the English Lake District. Inland Waters 5:139–154.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-5.2.748
Wüest A, Bouffard D, Guillard J, Ibelings BW, Lavanchy S, Perga M-E, Pasche N, 2021. LéXPLORE: A floating laboratory on Lake Geneva offering unique lake research opportunities. WIREs Water 8:e1544.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1544
Wurl O, Bird K, Cunliffe M, Landing WM, Miller U, Mustaffa NIH, Ribas-Ribas M, Witte C, Zappa CJ, 2018. Warming and inhibition of salinization at the ocean’s surface by cyanobacteria. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45:4230–4237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077946
Wurl O, Stolle C, Van Thuoc C, The Thu P, Mari X, 2016. Biofilm-like properties of the sea surface and predicted effects on air-sea CO2 exchange. Prog. Oceanogr. 144:15–24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.03.002
Yusup Y, Liu H, 2016. Effects of atmospheric surface layer stability on turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapor across the water–atmosphere interface. J. Hydrometeorol. 17:2835–2851.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0042.1
Zappa CJ, Laxague NJM, Brumer SE, Anderson SP, 2019. The impact of wind gusts on the ocean thermal skin layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46:11301–11309.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083687
Zeng X, Zhao M, Dickinson RE, 1998. Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data. J. Clim. 11:2628–2644.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2628:IOBAAF>2.0.CO;2
Ẑutić V, Ćosović B, Marčenko E, Bihari N, Kršinić F, 1981. Surfactant production by marine phytoplankton. Mar. Chem. 10:505–520.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(81)90004-9
Edited by
Marco Toffolon, Department of Civil, Environmentaland Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, ItalyHow to Cite
Foroughan, Mehrshad, Ulrich Lemmin, and David Andrew Barry. 2022. “Effects of Natural Surfactants on the Spatial Variability of Surface Water Temperature under Intermittent Light Winds on Lake Geneva”. Journal of Limnology 81 (1). https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2022.2048.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Similar Articles
- Aslak Jørgensen, Søren Faurby, Dennis Krog Persson, Kenneth Agerlin Halberg, Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen, Nadja Møbjerg, Genetic diversity in the parthenogenetic reproducing tardigrade Echiniscus testudo (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea) , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 72 No. s1 (2013): 12th International Symposium on Tardigrada
- Valeria ROSSI, Giorgio BENASSI, Francesco BELLETTI, Paolo MENOZZI, Colonization, population dynamics, predatory behaviour and cannibalism in Heterocypris incongruens (Crustacea: Ostracoda) , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 70 No. 1 (2011)
- Francine FORREST, Euan D. REAVIE, John P. SMOL, Comparing limnological changes associated with 19th century canal construction and other catchment disturbances in four lakes within the Rideau Canal system, Ontario, Canada , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 61 No. 2 (2002)
- Piero Guilizzoni, In memoriam of Prof. Giuliano Bonomi (1933-2023) , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 82 (2023)
- Harry A. Meyer, Juliana G. Hinton, Cari A. Samletzka, Water bears in the Anthropocene: a comparison of urban and woodland tardigrade (Phylum Tardigrada) communities in Southwestern Louisiana, USA , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 72 No. s1 (2013): 12th International Symposium on Tardigrada
- Cristiana Callieri, María B. Sathicq, Pedro J. Cabello-Yeves, Ester M. Eckert, Justo Salvador Hernández-Avilés, TEP production under oxidative stress of the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 78 No. 3 (2019)
- Leonardo CASTELLANO, Walter AMBROSETTI, Luigi BARBANTI, Angelo ROLLA, The residence time of the water in Lago Maggiore (N. Italy): first results from an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 69 No. 1 (2010)
- Andrea GANDOLFI, Eletta B.A. TODESCHI, Valeria ROSSI, Paolo MENOZZI, Life history traits in Darwinula stevensoni (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Southern European populations under controlled conditions and their relationship with genetic features , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 60 No. 1 (2001)
- Martin Bláha, Filip Ložek, Miloš Buřič, Antonín Kouba, Pavel Kozák, Native European branchiobdellids on non-native crayfishes: Report from the Czech Republic , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 77 No. 1 (2018)
- Carla BONACINA, Has Lake Orta completely recovered from its heavy polluted condition? A seventy years long history , Journal of Limnology: Vol. 60 No. 2 (2001)
<< < 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
List of Cited By :
